Seven units spanning solid-state physics, semiconductor devices, digital logic, Arduino programming, communication systems, power electronics and a full project guide — with theory, worked examples, practice questions and solutions. Every unit is a self-contained HTML file you can open, print, or study offline.
Mark units as done as you complete them. Progress is saved on this device.
Click Open Unit to read the notes. Each file is fully self-contained — no internet needed after the first load.
Crystal structure, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Fermi level, effective mass, the Hall effect, direct vs indirect band gaps, the solar cell, and the fundamental electrical laws — Ohm's law, KCL, KVL, and voltage/current division.
The PN junction diode in forward and reverse bias, V-I characteristics, half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers, filter circuits, Zener voltage regulators, special diodes, and the BJT in all three configurations.
Every number system and conversion, BCD/Gray/ASCII codes, binary arithmetic, logic gates, Boolean algebra, De Morgan's theorems, SOP & POS, K-Maps, and the full family of combinational building blocks.
Latches and flip-flops (SR, D, JK, T), triggering and conversion, all four shift register modes, asynchronous and synchronous counters, ring and Johnson counters, then hands-on Arduino IDE, digital/analog I/O, DHT sensors and IoT automation.
Communication system fundamentals, optical fibre, wireless technologies and 5G, the full semiconductor memory family from SRAM/DRAM to flash and SSDs, the memory hierarchy, renewable energy, and advanced IoT environmental monitoring.
Power semiconductor devices — MOSFET, IGBT, SCR, DIAC, TRIAC — buck and boost converters, solar power with MPPT, wind and hybrid systems, emerging memories (MRAM, ReRAM, PCM), 6G, Industry 4.0, ESP32 and advanced IoT.
Fifteen suggested topics, topic selection strategy, research methodology, report writing, IEEE referencing, Proteus simulation, four sample projects, presentation and viva preparation, and the complete evaluation rubric.
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The six COs as defined in the PHY 175 syllabus — mapped across all units.
Explain the principles of solid-state physics and semiconductor materials.
Units I · II · V · VIApply electrical laws to analyze the operation of semiconductor devices.
Units I · II · V · VIExamine number system conversions and K-Maps to simplify digital logic expressions.
Unit IIIAnalyze the operation and functionality of combinational logic circuits.
Unit IIIAnalyze the characteristics and operation of sequential logic circuits.
Units IV · VIDemonstrate Arduino programming and sensor interfacing.
Units IV · V · VI · VIIHow the course is evaluated across the semester.
| Component | Full Form | Marks | Units Covered |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATT | Attendance | 5 | All units |
| CA | Continuous Assessment | 25 | Units I – IV |
| MTT | Mid-Term Test | 20 | Units I – III |
| ETT | End-Term Test | 50 | Units I – VI |
| Project | Simulation + Report + Viva | 30 | Unit VII |
Focus on Units I – IV for the MTT (20 marks) and all units for the ETT (50 marks). The project (30 marks) is the easiest place to score full marks — follow Unit VII step by step, use Proteus simulation, and prepare thoroughly for the viva.
A quick suggested workflow for studying the course efficiently.
Units I → VII build on each other. Reading sequentially prevents gaps in understanding.
Don't just read diagrams — redraw them by hand. Circuit memory beats re-reading.
Before the exam, revise only the summary tables, formula boxes and exam tips at the end of each unit.
Each unit ends with graded practice questions and full solutions. Attempt before reading the solutions.
Every unit has print rules built in — use Ctrl + P and choose "Save as PDF" for a clean A4 layout.
Click "Mark done" on each card as you finish a unit. Progress is saved in your browser's local storage.
Tools and materials referenced throughout the notes.
Arduino IDE
Official IDE for all Unit IV and Unit VI programming examples.
Proteus Design Suite
Circuit simulation used for the Unit VII project work.
Hardware Kit
Arduino board · DHT11/DHT22 · LEDs · resistors · breadboard · multimeter.
Web Resources
arduino.cc · allaboutcircuits.com · nptel.ac.in · electronics-tutorials.ws